Sensing devices, systems, and methods particularly for pest control

ABSTRACT

A pest control system ( 20 ) includes pest control devices ( 110 ) installed about an area or building ( 22 ). These devices ( 110 ) each include a bait member and a communication circuit. The communication circuit may be in the form of a passive RF tag that transmits information indicative of bait status and an identifier unique to each pest control device ( 110 ). A hand held interrogator ( 30 ) is provided to locate and communicate with the pest control devices ( 110 ) via the communication circuit. A data collection unit ( 40 ) to accumulate data gathered from the pest control devices ( 110 ) may alternatively or additionally be utilized. The device ( 110 ) includes a sensor that has an electrically conductive pathway comprised of a nonmetallic material. Other pest control devices to detect varying nonzero levels of pest activity are also disclosed. Still another device includes one or more environmental sensors to further evaluate and predict pest behavior.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present Application is a continuation-in-part ofInternational patent application No. PCT/US99/16519, filed July 21,1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present invention relates to data gathering and sensingtechniques, and more particularly, but not exclusively, relates totechniques for gathering data from one or more pest control devices.

[0003] The removal of pests from areas occupied by humans, livestock,and crops has long been a challenge. Pests of frequent concern includevarious types of insects and rodents. Subterranean termites are aparticularly troublesome type of pest with the potential to cause severedamage to wooden structures. Various schemes have been proposed toeliminate termites and certain other harmful pests of both the insectand noninsect variety. In one approach, pest control relies on theblanket application of chemical pesticides in the area to be protected.However, as a result of environmental regulations, this approach isbecoming less desirable.

[0004] Recently, advances have been made to provide for the targeteddelivery of pesticide chemicals. U.S. Pat. No. 5,815,090 to Su is oneexample. Another example directed to termite control is the SENTRICON™system of Dow AgroSciences that has a business address of 9330Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Ind. In this system, a number of unitseach having a termite edible material are placed in the ground about adwelling to be protected. The units are inspected routinely by a pestcontrol service for the presence of termites, and inspection data isrecorded with reference to a unique barcode label associated with eachunit. If termites are found in a given unit, a bait is installed thatcontains a slow-acting pesticide intended to be carried back to thetermite nest to eradicate the colony.

[0005] However, techniques for more reliably sensing the activity oftermites and other pests is desired. Alternatively or additionally, theability to gather more comprehensive data relating to pest behavior issought. Thus, there is a continuing demand for further advancement inthe area of pest control and related sensing technologies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] One embodiment of the present invention includes a unique sensingtechnique applicable to the control of pests. In another embodiment, aunique technique to gather data concerning pest activity is provided. Afurther embodiment includes a unique pest control device to detect andexterminate one or more selected species of pest. As used herein, a“pest control device” refers broadly to any device that is used tosense, detect, monitor, bait, feed, poison, or exterminate one or morespecies of pest.

[0007] Another embodiment of the present invention includes a uniquepest control system. This system includes a number of pest controldevices and an apparatus to gather data from the pest control devices.In one embodiment, the apparatus communicates with the pest controldevices using wireless techniques and can also be arranged to locate thedevices. The pest control devices can be of different types, at leastsome of which are configured to provide information relating todifferent levels of pest activity in addition to an indication ofwhether pests are present or not.

[0008] Still another embodiment of the present invention includes a pestcontrol device with a circuit including one or more sensing elementsoperable to be consumed or displaced by one or more pests. This circuitmonitors an electrical and/or magnetic property of the one or moresensing elements that is indicative of different nonzero levels of pestconsumption or displacement.

[0009] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a pestcontrol device includes a circuit with an element operably changed by adegree of consumption or displacement that is comprised of anelectrically conductive, nonmetallic material. Additionally oralternatively, this element can be composed of a material having avolume resistivity of at least 0.001 ohm-cm.

[0010] In still another embodiment, a sensor includes one or moreportions operable to be separated or removed from each other and acircuit operable to monitor a property corresponding to electricalcapacitance that changes with removal or separation of the one or moreportions from the sensor. This separation or removal can occur due toconsumption or displacement by pests; wear, erosion, or abrasion bymechanical means, and/or a chemical reaction. Accordingly, the sensorcan be used to monitor various pest activities, mechanical operations,and chemical alterations to name only a few.

[0011] In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a pestcontrol device includes a unique monitoring bait that is at leastpartially comprised of a magnetic material. In a further alternative, apest control device includes one or more environmental sensors to gatherdata about one or more corresponding environmental characteristics.

[0012] Other embodiments, forms, aspects, features, and objects of thepresent invention shall become apparent from the drawings anddescription contained herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a first type of pest controlsystem according to the present invention that includes several of afirst type of pest control device.

[0014]FIG. 2 is a view of selected elements of the system of FIG. 1 inoperation.

[0015]FIG. 3 is an exploded, partial sectional view of a pest monitoringassembly of the first type of pest control device.

[0016]FIG. 4 is an exploded, partial sectional view of the pestmonitoring assembly of FIG. 3 along a view plane perpendicular to theview plane of FIG. 3.

[0017]FIG. 5 is a partial, top view of a portion of a communicationcircuit subassembly of the pest monitoring assembly shown in FIGS. 3 and4.

[0018]FIG. 6 is an exploded assembly view of the first type of pestcontrol device with the pest monitoring assembly of FIG. 3.

[0019]FIG. 7 is an exploded assembly view of the first type of pestcontrol device with a pesticide delivery assembly in place of the pestmonitoring assembly of FIG. 3.

[0020]FIG. 8 is a schematic view of selected circuitry of the system ofFIG. 1.

[0021]FIG. 9 is a schematic view of circuitry for the pest monitoringassembly of FIG. 3.

[0022]FIG. 10 is a flowchart of one example of a process of the presentinvention that may be performed with the system of FIG. 1.

[0023]FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic view of a second type of pest controlsystem according to the present invention that includes a second type ofpest control device.

[0024]FIG. 12 is an exploded, partial assembly view of the second typeof pest control device.

[0025]FIG. 13 is an end view of an assembled sensor of the second typeof pest control device.

[0026]FIG. 14 is a diagrammatic view of a third type of pest controlsystem according to the present invention that includes a third type ofpest control device.

[0027]FIG. 15 is a partial cutaway view of a sensor for the third typeof pest control device.

[0028]FIG. 16 is a sectional view of the sensor for the third type ofpest control device taken along the section line 16-16 shown in FIG. 15.

[0029]FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic view of a fourth type of pest controlsystem according to the present invention that includes a fourth type ofpest control device.

[0030]FIG. 18 is a partial cutaway view of a sensor for the fourth typeof pest control device.

[0031]FIG. 19 is a sectional view of the sensor for the fourth type ofpest control device taken along the section line 19-19 shown in FIG. 18.

[0032]FIG. 20 is a diagrammatic view of a fifth type of pest controlsystem according to the present invention that includes pest controldevices of the second, third, and fourth types, and further includes afifth type of pest control device.

[0033]FIG. 21 is a diagrammatic view of a sixth type of pest controlsystem according to the present invention that includes a sixth type ofpest control device.

[0034]FIG. 22 is a diagrammatic view of a seventh type of pest controlsystem according to the present invention that includes a seventh typeof pest control device.

[0035]FIG. 23 is a flowchart of one example of a procedure of thepresent invention that may be performed with one or more of the first,second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh systems.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0036] For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principlesof the invention, reference will now be made to the embodimentsillustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used todescribe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitationof the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations andfurther modifications in the described embodiments, and any furtherapplications of the principles of the invention as described herein arecontemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to whichthe invention relates.

[0037]FIG. 1 illustrates pest control system 20 of one embodiment of thepresent invention. System 20 is arranged to protect building 22 fromdamage due to pests, such as subterranean termites. System 20 includes anumber of pest control devices 110 positioned about building 22. In FIG.1, only a few of devices 110 are specifically designated by referencenumerals to preserve clarity. System 20 also includes interrogator 30 togather information about devices 110. Data gathered from devices 110with interrogator 30 is collected in Data Collection Unit (DCU) 40through communication interface 41.

[0038] Referring additionally to FIG. 2, certain aspects of theoperation of system 20 are illustrated. In FIG. 2, a pest controlservice provider P is shown operating interrogator 30 to interrogatepest control devices 110 located at least partially below ground G usinga wireless communication technique. In this example, interrogator 30 isshown in a hand-held form convenient for sweeping over ground G toestablish wireless communication with installed devices 110. Additionalaspects of system 20 and its operation are described in connection withFIGS. 8-10, but first further details concerning a representative pestcontrol device 110 are described with reference to FIGS. 3-7.

[0039] FIGS. 3-7 illustrates various features of pest control device110. To initially detect pests, pest control device 110 is internallyconfigured with pest monitoring assembly 112. Referring morespecifically to FIGS. 3 and 4, pest monitoring assembly 112 isillustrated along centerline assembly axis A. Axis A coincides with theview planes of both FIGS. 3 and 4; where the view plane of FIG. 4 isperpendicular to the view plane of FIG. 3.

[0040] Pest monitoring assembly 112 includes sensor subassembly 114below communication circuit subassembly 116 along axis A. Sensorsubassembly 114 includes two (2) bait members 132 (see FIGS. 3 and 6).Bait members 132 are each made from a bait material for one or moreselected species of pests. For example, bait members 132 can each bemade of a material that is a favorite food of such pests. In one exampledirected to subterranean termites, bait members 132 are each in the formof a soft wood block without a pesticide component. In other examplesfor termites, one or more of bait members 132 can include a pesticide,have a composition other than wood, or a combination of these features.In still other examples where pest control device 110 is directed to atype of pest other than termites, a correspondingly differentcomposition of each bait member 132 is typically used.

[0041] Sensor subassembly 114 also includes sensor 150. Sensor 150 isdepicted between bait members 132 in FIGS. 3 and 6; where FIG. 6 is amore fully assembled view of pest control device 110 than FIG. 3. Sensor150 is generally elongated and has end portion 152 a opposite endportion 152 b as shown in FIGS. 4 and 6. A middle portion of sensor 150is represented by a pair of adjacent break lines separating portions 152a and 152 b in FIG. 4, and bait members 132 are not shown in FIG. 4 toprevent obscuring the view of sensor 150.

[0042] Sensor 150 includes substrate 151. Substrate 151 carriesconductor 153 that is arranged to provide sensing element 153 a in theform of an electrically conductive loop or pathway 154 shown in thebroken view of FIG. 4. Along the middle sensor portion represented bythe break lines of FIG. 4, the four segments of pathway 154 continuealong a generally straight, parallel route (not shown), andcorrespondingly join the four pathway segments of end portion 152 aending at one of the break lines with the four pathway segments of endportion 152 b ending at another of the break lines. Pathway 154terminates with a pair of electrical contact pads 156 adjacent substrateedge 155 of end portion 152 a.

[0043] Substrate 151 and/or conductor 153 are/is comprised of one ormore materials susceptible to consumption or displacement by the pestsbeing monitored with pest monitoring assembly 112. These materials canbe a food substance, a nonfood substance, or a combination of both forthe one or more pest species of interest. Indeed, it has been found thatmaterials composed of nonfood substances will be readily displacedduring the consumption of adjacent edible materials, such as baitmembers 132. As substrate 151 or conductor 153 are consumed ordisplaced, pathway 154 is eventually altered. This alteration can beutilized to indicate the presence of pests by monitoring one or morecorresponding electrical properties of pathway 154 as will be more fullydescribed hereinafter. Alternatively, substrate 151 and/or conductor 153can be oriented with respect to bait members 132 so that a certaindegree of consumption or displacement of bait members 132 exerts amechanical force sufficient to alter the electrical conductivity ofpathway 154 in a detectable manner. For this alternative, substrate 151and/or conductor 153 need not be directly consumed or displaced by thepest of interest.

[0044] Pest monitoring assembly 112 further includes circuit subassembly116 coupled to sensor subassembly 114. Circuit subassembly 116 isarranged to detect and communicate pest activity as indicated by achange in one or more electrical properties of pathway 154 of sensorsubassembly 114. Circuit subassembly 116 includes circuit enclosure 118for housing communication circuitry 160 and a pair of connection members140 for detachably coupling communication circuitry 160 to sensor 150 ofsensor subassembly 114. Various operational aspects of this arrangementare described in connection with FIGS. 8-10 hereinafter. Enclosure 118includes cover piece 120, o-ring 124, and base 130, that each have agenerally circular outer perimeter about axis A. Enclosure 118 is shownmore fully assembled in FIG. 4 relative to FIG. 3. Cover piece 120defines cavity 122 bounded by inner lip 123. Base 130 defines channel131 (shown in phantom) sized to receive o-ring 124 and also includesouter flange 133 configured to engage inner lip 123 when base 130 isassembled with cover piece 120 (see FIG. 4).

[0045] Communication circuitry 160 is positioned between cover piece 120and base 130. Communication circuitry 160 includes coil antenna 162 andprinted wiring board 164 carrying circuit components 166. Referring alsoto FIG. 5, a top view is shown of an assembly of base 130, connectionmembers 140, and wireless communication circuitry 160. In FIG. 5, axis Ais perpendicular to the view plane and is represented by like labeledcross-hairs. Base 130 includes posts 132 to engage mounting holesthrough printed wiring board 164. Base 130 also includes mounts 134 toengage coil antenna 162 and maintain it in fixed relation to base 130and printed wiring board 164 when assembled together. Base 130 furtherincludes four supports 136 each defining opening 137 therethrough asbest illustrated in FIG. 4. Base 130 is shaped with a centrally locatedprojection 138 between adjacent pairs of supports 136. Projection 138defines recess 139 (shown in phantom in FIG. 3).

[0046] Referring generally to FIGS. 3-5, connection members 140 eachinclude a pair of connection nubs 146. Each nub 146 has neck portion 147and head portion 145 that extend from opposing end portions of therespective connection member 140. For each connection member 140,projection 148 is positioned between the corresponding pair of nubs 146.Projection 148 defines recess 149. Connection members 140 are formedfrom an electrically conductive, elastomeric material. In oneembodiment, each connection member 140 is made from a carbon-containingsilicone rubber, such as compound 862 available from TECKNIT, having abusiness address of 129 Dermody Street, Cranford, N.J. 07016.Nonetheless, in other embodiments, a different composition can be used.

[0047] To assemble each connection member 140 to base 130, thecorresponding pair of nubs 146 are inserted through a respective pair ofopenings 137 of supports 136, with projection 148 extending into recess139. Head portion 145 of each of nubs 146 is sized to be slightly largerthan the respective opening 137 through which it is to pass. As aresult, during insertion, head portions 145 are elastically deformeduntil fully passing through the respective opening 137. Once headportion 145 extends through opening 137, it returns to its originalshape with neck 147 securely engaging the opening margin. By appropriatesizing and shaping of head portion 145 and neck portion 147 of nubs 146,openings 137 can be sealed to resist the passage of moisture and debriswhen base 130 and connection members 140 are assembled together. Asshown in FIG. 5, printed wiring board 164 contacts one nub 146 of eachconnection member 140 after assembly.

[0048] After connection members 140 are assembled with base 130,enclosure 118 is assembled by inserting base 130 into cavity 122 witho-ring 124 carried in channel 131. During insertion, cover piece 120and/or base 130 elastically deform so that flange 133 extends intocavity 122 beyond inner lip 123, such that cover piece 120 and base 130engage each other with a “snap-fit” type of connection. The angledprofile of the outer surface of base 130 facilitates this form ofassembly. Once cover piece 120 and base 130 are connected in thismanner, o-ring 124 provides a resilient seal to resist the intrusion ofmoisture and debris into cavity 122. The inner surface of cover piece120 engaged by base 130 has a complimentary profile that can also assistwith sealing.

[0049] After communication circuit subassembly 116 is assembled, sensor150 is assembled to subassembly 116 by asserting end portion 152 a intorecess 149 of each connection member 140 carried by base 130. Connectionmembers 140 are sized to be slightly elastically deformed by theinsertion of end portion 152 a into recess 149, such that a biasingforce is applied by connection members 140 to end portion 152 a tosecurely hold sensor 150 in contact therewith. Once end portion 152 a isinserted into connection members 140, each pad 156 is electricallycontacted by a different one of connection members 140. In turn, eachnub 146 that contacts printed wiring board 164 electrically couplespathway 154 to printed wiring board 164.

[0050] Referring to FIG. 6, an exploded view of pest control device 110and pest monitoring assembly 112 is depicted. In FIG. 6, sensorsubassembly 114 and circuit subassembly 116 are shown assembled togetherand nested in carrying member 190 to maintain pest monitoring assembly112 as a unit. Carrying member 190 is in the form of a frame thatincludes base 192 attached to opposing side members 194. Only one ofside members 194 is fully visible in FIG. 6, with the other extendingfrom base 192 along the hidden side of pest monitoring assembly 112 in alike manner. Side members 194 are joined together by bridge 196 oppositebase 192. Bridge 196 is arranged to define a space 198 contoured toreceive the assembled enclosure 118 of circuit subassembly 116.

[0051] Pest control device 110 includes housing 170 with removable cap180 arranged for placement in the ground as shown, for example, in FIG.2. Housing 170 defines chamber 172 intersecting opening 178. Pestmonitoring assembly 112 and carrying member 190 are sized for insertioninto chamber 172 through opening 178. Housing 170 has end portion 171 aopposite end portion 171 b. End portion 171 b includes tapered end 175to assist with placement of pest control 110 in the ground asillustrated in FIG. 2. End 175 terminates in an aperture (not shown). Incommunication with chamber 172 are a number of slots 174 defined byhousing 170. Slots 174 are particularly well-suited for the ingress andegress of termites from chamber 172. Housing 170 has a number ofprotruding flanges a few of which are designated by reference numerals176 a, 176 b, 176 c, 176 d, and 176 e in FIG. 6 to assist withpositioning of pest control device 110 in the ground.

[0052] Once inside chamber 172, pest monitoring assembly 112 can besecured in housing 170 with cap 180. Cap 180 includes downward prongs184 arranged to engage channels 179 of housing 170. After cap 180 isfully seated on housing 170, it can be rotated to engage prongs 184 in alatching position that resists disassembly. This latching mechanism caninclude a pawl and detent configuration. Slot 182 can be used to engagecap 180 with a tool, such as a flat-bladed screwdriver, to assist inrotating cap 180. It is preferred that carrying member 190, base 130,cover piece 120, housing 170, and cap 180 be made of a materialresistant to deterioration by expected environmental exposure andresistant to alteration by the pests likely to be detected with pestcontrol device 110. In one form, these components are made from apolymeric resin like polypropylene or CYCOLAC AR polymeric plasticmaterial available from General Electric Plastics, having a businessaddress of One Plastics Avenue Pittsfield, Mass. 01201.

[0053] Typically, pest monitoring assembly 112 is placed in chamber 172after housing 170 is at least partially installed in the ground in theregion to be monitored. Assembly 112 is configured to detect and reportpest activity as will be more fully explained in connection with FIGS.8-10. In one mode of operation, pest control device 110 is reconfiguredto deliver a pesticide after pest activity is detected with pestmonitoring assembly 112. FIG. 7 is an exploded assembly view of oneexample of such a reconfiguration. In FIG. 7, pest control device 110utilizes pesticide delivery assembly 119 as a substitute for pestmonitoring assembly 112 after pest activity has been detected.Substitution begins by rotating cap 180 in a direction opposite thatrequired to latch it, and removing cap 180 from housing 170. Typically,the removal of cap 180 is performed with housing 170 remaining at leastpartially installed in the ground. Pest monitoring assembly 112 is thenextracted from housing 170 by pulling carrying member 190. It has beenfound that application of pest control device 110 to pests such astermites can lead to the accumulation of a substantial amount of dirtand debris in chamber 172 before pest monitoring assembly 112 isremoved. This accumulation can hamper the removal of pest monitoringassembly 112 from chamber 172. As a result, member 190 is preferablyarranged to withstand at least 40 pounds (lbs.) of pulling force, andmore preferably at least 80 lbs. of pulling force.

[0054] After pest monitoring assembly 112 is removed from chamber 172,pesticide delivery assembly 119 is placed in chamber 172 of housing 170through opening 178. Pesticide delivery assembly 119 includes pesticidebait tube 1170 defining chamber 1172. Chamber 1172 contains pesticidebearing matrix member 1173. Tube 1170 has a threaded end 1174 arrangedfor engagement by cap 1176, which has complimentary inner threading (notshown). Cap 1176 defines aperture 1178. Circuit subassembly 116 isdetached from sensor 150 before, during, or after removal of pestmonitoring assembly 112 from housing 170. Aperture 1178 is accordinglysized and shaped to securely receive circuit subassembly 116 afterdisassembly from pest monitoring assembly 112. After pesticide deliveryassembly 119 is configured with circuit subassembly 116, it is placed inchamber 172, and cap 180 can re-engage housing 170 in the mannerpreviously described.

[0055]FIG. 8 schematically depicts circuitry of interrogator 30 and pestmonitoring assembly 112 for a representative pest control device 110 ofsystem 20 shown in FIG. 1. Monitoring circuitry 169 of FIG. 8collectively represents communication circuitry 160 connected toconductor 153 of sensor 150 by connection members 140. In FIG. 8,pathway 154 of monitoring circuitry 169 is represented with asingle-pole, single-throw switch corresponding to the capability ofsensor 150 to provide a closed or open electrical pathway in accordancewith pest activity. Further, communication circuitry 160 includes sensorstate detector 163 to provide a two-state status signal when energized;where one state represents an open or high resistance pathway 154 andthe other state represents an electrically closed or continuous pathway154. Communication circuit 160 also includes identification code 167 togenerate a corresponding identification signal for device 110.Identification code 167 may be in the form of a predetermined multibitbinary code or such other form as would occur to those skilled in theart.

[0056] Communication circuitry 160 is configured as a passive RFtransponder that is energized by an external stimulation or excitationsignal from interrogator 30 received via coil antenna 162. Likewise,detector 163 and code 167 of circuitry 160 are powered by thisstimulation signal. In response to being energized by a stimulationsignal, communication circuitry 160 transmits information tointerrogator 30 with coil antenna 162 in a modulated RF format. Thiswireless transmission corresponds to the bait status determined withdetector 163 and a unique device identifier provided by identificationcode 167.

[0057] Referring additionally to FIG. 9, further details ofcommunication circuitry 160 and monitoring circuitry 169 are depicted.In FIG. 9, a broken line box represents printed wiring board 164,circumscribing components 166 that it carries. Circuit components 166include capacitor C, integrated circuit IC, resistor R, and PNPtransistor Q1. In the depicted embodiment, integrated circuit IC is apassive, Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) model no. MCRF202provided by Microchip Technologies, Inc of 2355 West Chandler Blvd.,Chandler, Ariz. 85224-6199. Integrated circuit IC includes code 167 anddetector 163.

[0058] IC also includes two (2) antenna connections VA and VB, that areconnected to a parallel network of coil antenna 162 and capacitor C.Capacitor C has a capacitance of about 390 picoFarads (pF), and coilantenna 162 has an inductance of about 4.16 milliHenries (mH) for thedepicted embodiment. IC is configured to supply a regulated D.C.electric potential via contacts V_(CC) and V_(SS), with V_(CC) being ata higher potential. This electric potential is derived from the stimulusRF input received with coil antenna 162 via connections V_(A) and V_(B).The V_(CC) connection of IC is electrically coupled to the emitter oftransistor Q1 and one of the electrical contact pads 156 of sensor 150.The base of transistor Q1 is electrically coupled to the other ofelectrical contact pads 156. Resistor R is electrically connectedbetween the V_(SS) connection of IC and the base of transistor Q1. Thecollector of transistor Q1 is coupled to the SENSOR input of IC. Whenintact, the serially connected electrically conductive pathway 154 andconnection members 140 present a relatively low resistance compared tothe depicted value of 330 Kilo-ohms for resistor R. Accordingly, thevoltage presented at the base of transistor Q1 by the voltage dividerformed by R, connection members 140, and electrically conductive pathway154 is not sufficient to turn on transistor Q1—instead shunting currentthrough R. As a result, the input SENSOR to IC is maintained at a logiclow level relative to V_(SS) via a pull-down resistor internal to IC(not shown). When the resistance of electrically conductive path 154increases to indicate an open circuit condition, the potentialdifference between the emitter and base of transistor Q1 changes toturn-on transistor Q1. In correspondence, the voltage potential providedto the SENSOR input of IC is at a logic level high relative to V_(SS).The transistor Q1 and resistor R circuit arrangement has the effect ofreversing the logic level input to SENSOR of IC compared to placingelectrically conductive pathway 154 directly across V_(CC) and theSENSOR input.

[0059] In other embodiments, different arrangements of one or morecomponents may be utilized to collectively or separately providecommunication circuitry 160. In one alternative configuration,communication circuit 160 may transmit only a bait status signal or anidentification signal, but not both. In a further embodiment, differentvariable information about device 110 may be transmitted with or withoutbait status or device identification information. In anotheralternative, communication circuit 160 may be selectively or permanently“active” in nature, having its own internal power source. For such analternative, power need not be derived from an external stimulus signal.Indeed, device 110 could initiate communication instead. In yet anotheralternative embodiment, device 110 may include both active and passivecircuits.

[0060]FIG. 8 also illustrates communication circuitry 31 of interrogator30. Interrogator 30 includes RF excitation circuit 32 to generate RFstimulation signals and RF receiver (RXR) circuit 34 to receive an RFinput. Circuits 32 and 34 are each operatively coupled to controller 36.While interrogator 30 is shown with separate coils for circuits 32 and34, the same coil may be used for both in other embodiments. Controller36 is operatively coupled to Input/Output (I/O) port 37 and memory 38 ofinterrogator 30. Interrogator 30 has its own power source (not shown) toenergize circuitry 31 that is typically in the form of anelectrochemical cell, or battery of such cells (not shown). Controller36 may be comprised of one or more components. In one example controller36 is a programmable microprocessor-based type that executesinstructions loaded in memory 38. In other examples, controller 36 maybe defined by analog computing circuits, hardwired state machine logic,or other device types as an alternative or addition to programmabledigital circuitry. Memory 38 may include one or more solid-statesemiconductor components of the volatile or nonvolatile variety.Alternatively or additionally, memory 38 may include one or moreelectromagnetic or optical storage devices such as a floppy or hard diskdrive or a CD-ROM. In one example, controller 36, I/O port 37, andmemory 38 are integrally provided on the same integrated circuit chip.

[0061] I/O port 37 is configured to send data from interrogator 30 todata collection unit 40 as shown in FIG. 1. Referring back to FIG. 1,further aspects of data collection unit 40 are described. Interface 41of unit 40 is configured for communicating with interrogator 30 via I/Oport 37. Unit 40 also includes processor 42 and memory 44 to store andprocess information obtained from interrogator 30 about devices 110.Processor 42 and memory 44 may be variously configured in an analogousmanner to that described for controller 36 and memory 38, respectively.Further, interface 41, processor 42, and memory 44 may be integrallyprovided on the same integrated circuit chip.

[0062] Accordingly, for the depicted embodiment communication circuitry160 transmits bait status and identifier information to interrogator 30when interrogator 30 transmits a stimulation signal to device 110 withinrange. RF receiver circuit 34 of interrogator 30 receives theinformation from device 110 and provides appropriate signal conditioningand formatting for manipulation and storage in memory 38 by controller36. Data received from device 110 may be transmitted to data collectionunit 40 by operatively coupling I/O port 37 to interface 41.

[0063] Unit 40 can be provided in the form of a laptop personalcomputer, hand-held or palm type computer, or other dedicated or generalpurpose variety of computing device that is adapted to interface withinterrogator 30 and programmed to receive and store data frominterrogator 30. In another embodiment, unit 40 may be remotely locatedrelative to interrogator 30. For this embodiment, one or moreinterrogators 30 communicate with unit 40 over an establishedcommunication medium like the telephone system or a computer networklike the internet. In yet another embodiment, interrogator 30 is absentand unit 40 is configured to communicate directly with communicationcircuitry 160. Interrogator 30 and/or unit 40 is arranged to communicatewith one or more pest control devices through a hardwired interface. Instill other embodiments, different interface and communicationtechniques may be used with interrogator 30, data collection unit 40,and devices 110 as would occur to those skilled in the art.

[0064] In a preferred embodiment directed to subterranean termites,substrate 151 is preferably formed from a nonfood material that isresistant to changes in dimension when exposed to moisture levelsexpected in an in-ground environment. It has been found that such adimensionally stable substrate is less likely to cause inadvertentalterations to the electrically conductive pathway 154. One preferredexample of a more dimensionally stable substrate 151 includes a papercoated with a polymeric material, such as polyethylene. Nonetheless, inother embodiments, substrate 151 may be composed of other materials orcompounds including those that may change in dimension with exposure tomoisture and that may alternatively or additionally include one or moretypes of material favored as a food by targeted pests.

[0065] It has been found that in some applications, certain metal-basedelectrical conductors, such as a silver-containing conductor, tend toreadily ionize in aqueous solutions common to the environment in whichpest control devices are typically used. This situation can lead toelectrical shorting or bridging of the pest control device conductivepathway by the resulting electrolytic solution, possibly resulting inimproper device performance. It has also been surprisingly discoveredthat a carbon-based conductor has a substantially reduced likelihood ofelectrical shorting or bridging. Accordingly, for such embodiments,pathway 154 is preferably formed from a nonmetallic, carbon-containingink compound. One source of such ink is the Acheson Colloids Companywith a business address of 600 Washington Ave., Port Huron, Mich.Carbon-containing conductive ink comprising conductor 153 can bedeposited on substrate 151 using a silk screening, pad printing, or inkjet dispensing technique; or such other technique as would occur tothose skilled in the art.

[0066] Compared to commonly selected metallic conductors, a carbon-basedconductor can have a higher electrical resistivity. Preferably, thevolume resistivity of the carbon-containing ink compound is greater thanor equal to about 0.001 ohm-cm (ohm-centimeter). In a more preferredembodiment, the volume resistivity of conductor 153 comprised of acarbon-containing material is greater than or equal to 0.1 ohm-cm. In astill more preferred embodiment, the volume resistivity of conductor 153comprised of a carbon-containing material is greater than or equal toabout 10 ohms-cm. In yet other embodiments, conductor 153 can have adifferent composition or volume resistivity as would occur to thoseskilled in the art.

[0067] In further embodiments, other electrically conductive elementsand/or compounds are contemplated for pest control device conductorsthat are not substantially subject to ionization in aqueous solutionsexpected in pest control device environments. In still furtherembodiments of the present invention, metal-based conductors areutilized notwithstanding the risk of electrical bridging or shorting.

[0068] Referring generally to FIGS. 1-9, certain operational aspects ofsystem 20 are further described. Typically, interrogator 30 is arrangedto cause excitation circuit 32 to generate an RF signal suitable toenergize circuitry 169 of device 110 when device 110 is within apredetermined distance range of interrogator 30. In one embodiment,controller 36 is arranged to automatically prompt generation of thisstimulation signal on a periodic basis. In another embodiment, thestimulation signal may be prompted by an operator through an operatorcontrol coupled to interrogator 30 (not shown). Such operator promptingmay be either as an alternative to automatic prompting or as anadditional prompting mode. Interrogator 30 may include a visual oraudible indicator of a conventional type (not shown) to provideinterrogation status to the operator as needed.

[0069] Referring further to the flowchart of FIG. 10, termite controlprocess 220 of a further embodiment of the present invention isillustrated. In stage 222 of process 220, a number of pest controldevices 110 are installed in a spaced apart relationship relative to anarea to be protected. By way of nonlimiting example, FIG. 1 provides adiagram of one possible distribution of a number of devices 110 arrangedabout building 22 to be protected. One or more of these devices can beat least partially placed below ground as illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0070] For process 220, devices 110 are initially each installed with apest monitoring assembly 112 each including a pair of bait members 132of a monitoring variety that are favored as a food by subterraneantermites and do not include a pesticide. It has been found that once acolony of termites establish a pathway to a food source, they will tendto return to this food source. Consequently, devices 110 are initiallyplaced in a monitoring configuration to establish such pathways with anytermites that might be in the vicinity of the area or structures desiredto be protected, such as building 22.

[0071] Once in place, a map of devices 110 is generated in stage 224.This map includes indicia corresponding to the coded identifiers forinstalled devices 110. In one example, the identifiers are unique toeach device 110. Pest monitoring loop 230 of process 220 is nextencountered with stage 226. In stage 226, installed devices 110 areperiodically located and data is loaded from each device 110 byinterrogation of the respective wireless communication circuit 160 withinterrogator 30. This data corresponds to bait status and identificationinformation. In this manner, pest activity in a given device 110 mayreadily be detected without the need to extract or open each device 110for visual inspection. Further, such wireless communication techniquespermit the establishment and building of an electronic database that maybe downloaded into data collection device 40 for long term storage.

[0072] It should also be appreciated that over time, subterranean pestmonitoring devices 110 may become difficult to locate as they have atendency to migrate, sometimes being pushed further underground.Moreover, in-ground monitoring devices 110 may become hidden by thegrowth of surrounding plants. In one embodiment, interrogator 30 andmultiple devices 110 are arranged so that interrogator 30 onlycommunicates with the closest device 110. This technique may beimplemented by appropriate selection of the communication range betweeninterrogator 30 and each of devices 110, and the position of devices 110relative to each other. Accordingly, interrogator 30 may be used to scanor sweep a path along the ground to consecutively communicate with eachindividual device 110. For such embodiments, the wireless communicationsubsystem 120 provided by interrogator 30 with each of devices 110provides a procedure and means to more reliably locate a given device110 after installation as opposed to more limited visual or metaldetection approaches. Indeed, this localization procedure may beutilized in conjunction with the unique identifier of each device and/orthe map generated in stage 224 to more rapidly service a site in stage226. In a further embodiment, the locating operation may be furtherenhanced by providing an operator-controlled communication rangeadjustment feature for interrogator 30 (not shown) to assist in refiningthe location of a given device. Nonetheless, in other embodiments,devices 110 may be checked by a wireless communication technique thatdoes not include the transmission of identification signals or acoordinating map. Further, in alternative embodiments, localization ofdevices 110 with interrogator 30 may not be desired.

[0073] Process 220 next encounters conditional 228. Conditional 228tests whether any of the status signals, corresponding to a brokenpathway 154, indicate termite activity. If the test of conditional 228is negative, then monitoring loop 230 returns to stage 226 to againmonitor devices 110 with interrogator 30. Loop 230 may be repeated anumber of times in this fashion. Typically, the rate of repetition ofloop 230 is on the order of a few days or weeks and may vary. If thetest of conditional 228 is affirmative, then process 220 continues withstage 240. In stage 240, the pest control service provider places apesticide laden bait in the vicinity of the detected pests. In oneexample, pesticide placement includes the removal of cap 180 by theservice provider and extraction of pest activity monitoring assembly 130from housing 170. Next, for this example, pest control device 110 isreconfigured, exchanging pest monitoring assembly 112 with pesticidedelivery assembly 119 as previously described in connection with FIG. 7.

[0074] In other embodiments, the replacement device may include adifferent configuration of communication circuit or lack a communicationcircuit entirely. In one alternative, the pesticide is added to theexisting pest sensing device by replacing one or more of the baitmembers 132, and optionally, sensor 150. In still another embodiment,pesticide bait or other material is added with or without the removal ofpest monitoring assembly 112. In yet a further embodiment, pesticide isprovided in a different device that is installed adjacent to theinstalled device 110 with pest activity. During the pesticide placementoperation of stage 240, it is desirable to return or maintain as many ofthe termites as possible in the vicinity of the device 110 where thepest activity was detected so that the established pathway to the nestmay serve as a ready avenue to deliver the pesticide to the other colonymembers.

[0075] After stage 240, monitoring loop 250 is encountered with stage242. In stage 242, devices 110 continue to be periodically checked. Inone embodiment, the inspection of devices 110 corresponding to pesticidebait is performed visually by the pest control service provider whilethe inspection of other devices 110 in the monitoring mode ordinarilycontinues to be performed with interrogator 30. In other embodiments,visual inspection may be supplemented or replaced by electronicmonitoring using the pest activity monitoring assembly 130 configuredwith poisoned bait matrix, or a combination of approaches may beperformed. In one alternative, pathway 154 is altered to monitorpesticide baits such that it is typically not broken to provide an opencircuit reading until a more substantial amount of bait consumption hastaken place relative to the pathway configuration for the monitoringmode. In still other alternatives, the pesticide bait may not ordinarilybe inspected—instead being left alone to reduce the risk of disturbingthe termites as they consume the pesticide.

[0076] After stage 242, conditional 244 is encountered that testswhether process 220 should continue. If the test of conditional 244 isaffirmative—that is process 220 is to continue—then conditional 246 isencountered. In conditional 246, it is determined if more pesticide baitneeds to be installed. More bait may be needed to replenish consumedbait for devices where pest activity has already been detected, orpesticide bait may need to be installed in correspondence with newlydiscovered pest activity for devices 110 that remained in the monitoringmode. If the conditional 246 test is affirmative, then loop 252 returnsto stage 240 to install additional pesticide bait. If no additional baitis needed as determined via conditional 246, then loop 250 returns torepeat stage 242. Loops 250, 252 are repeated in this manner unless thetest for conditional 244 is negative. The repetition rate of loops 250,252 and correspondingly the interval between consecutive performances ofstage 242, is on the order of a few days or weeks and may vary. If thetest of conditional 244 is negative, then devices 110 are located andremoved in stage 260 and process 220 terminates.

[0077] Data collected with interrogator 30 during performance of process220 can be downloaded into unit 40 from time to time. However, in otherembodiments, unit 40 may be optional or absent. In still anotheralternate process, monitoring for additional pest activity in stage 242may not be desirable. Instead, the monitoring units may be removed. In afurther alternative, one or more devices 110 configured for monitoringmay be redistributed, increased in number, or decreased in number aspart of the performance of the process. In yet other embodiments, a datacollection unit is utilized to interface with one or more pest controldevices in lieu of interrogator 30. Additionally or alternatively,interfacing with interrogator 30 and/or unit 40 may be through ahardwired communication connection.

[0078]FIG. 11 illustrates pest control system 300 of another embodimentof the present invention where like reference numerals refer to likefeatures previously described. Pest control system 300 includes pestcontrol device 310 and data collection unit 390. Pest control device 310includes circuitry 320 removably coupled to sensor 350 by connectionmembers 140.

[0079] Referring additionally to the partial assembly view of FIG. 12,sensor 350 includes substrate 351 that carries electrically resistivenetwork 353. Network 353 includes a number of sensing elements 353 a inthe form of electrically resistive branches or pathways 354 spaced apartfrom one another along substrate 351. Resistive pathways 354 are eachschematically represented by a different resistor R1-R13 in FIG. 11.Network 353 extends from contact pads 356 at edge 355 to substrate endportion 357. When coupled together, network 353 and circuitry 320comprise monitoring circuit 369.

[0080] With further reference to the end view of FIG. 13, a fullyassembled and implemented form of sensor 350 is shown. Sensor 350 isconfigured to be rolled, folded, bent, or wrapped about assembly axis A1as shown in FIG. 13 to provide a number of adjacent layers 360, only afew of which are designated by reference numerals. It should beunderstood that axis A1 in FIG. 13 is perpendicular to the FIG. 13 viewplane and is correspondingly represented by like-labeled cross-hairs.Referring back to FIGS. 11 and 12, circuitry 320 is contained in circuitenclosure 318. Enclosure 318 can be configured in a manner likeenclosure 118 of pest monitoring subassembly 114 for pest control device110. Indeed, enclosure 318 is arranged to receive a pair of connectionmembers 140 to electrically couple pads 356 of sensor 350 to circuitry320 in the same manner that pads 156 of sensor 150 are coupled tocircuitry 160. Circuitry 320 includes a reference resistor R_(R)connected in series with network 353 when circuitry 320 and sensor 350are coupled together to form monitoring circuit 369. A voltage referenceV_(R) is also coupled across network 353 and reference resistor R_(R).The voltage across reference resistor R_(R), designated V_(i), isselectively digitized by Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter 324 usingstandard techniques. The digital output from A/D converter 324 isprovided to processor 326. Processor 326 is operatively coupled tocommunication circuit 328.

[0081] Processor 326 can be comprised of one or more components. In oneexample, processor 326 is a programmable digital microprocessorarrangement that executes instructions stored in an associated memory(not shown). In other examples, processor 326 can be defined by analogcomputing circuits, hardwired state machine logic, or other device typesas an alternative or an addition to programmable digital circuitry.Memory is also preferably included in communication circuitry 320 tostore digitized values determined with A/D converter 324 (not shown).This memory can be integral to A/D converter 324 or processor 326,separate from either, or a combination of these.

[0082] Communication circuit 328 is of a wireless type, such as theactive and passive wireless communication circuit embodiments previouslydescribed in connection with system 20. Communication circuit 328 isarranged to communicate with processor 326. Alternatively oradditionally, communication circuit 328 can include one or moreinput/output (I/O) ports for hardwired communication.

[0083] One or more of voltage reference V_(R), A/D converter 324,processor 326 or communication circuit 328 can be combined in anintegrated circuit chip or unit. Further, circuitry 320, andcorrespondingly monitoring circuit 369, can be of a passive type poweredby an external source; active with its own power source; or acombination of these.

[0084] Data collection unit 390 includes an active wirelesstransmitter/receiver (TXR/RXR) 392 configured to communicate withcommunication circuit 328 of device 310, processor 394 coupled toTXR/RXR 392, interface 396, and memory 398. Processor 394 and memory 398can be the same as processor 42 and memory 44 of data collection unit40, respectively, or be of a different arrangement as would occur tothose skilled in the art. Interface 396 provides for the option of ahardwired interface to device 310 and/or other computing devices (notshown). Data collection unit 390 is configured to receive and processinformation from one or more pest control devices as will be more fullydescribed hereinafter.

[0085] Referring generally to FIGS. 11-13, it should be understood thatnetwork 353 can be represented by an equivalent resistance R_(S); whereR_(S) is a function of R1-R13 (R_(S)=f(R1-R13)). When R1-R13 are known,R_(S) can be determined by applying standard electrical circuit analysistechniques for series and parallel resistances. Furthermore, it shouldbe understood that R_(R) and R_(S) can be modeled as a voltage dividerwith respect to the reference voltage V_(R) such that the input voltageV_(i) to A/D converter 324 can be expressed by the following equation:V_(i)=V_(R)*(R_(R)/(R_(R)+R_(S))).

[0086] Substrate 351 and/or network 353 are provided from one or morematerials that are subject to consumption or displacement by one or morepests of interest. As sensor 350 is consumed or displaced by such pests,resistive pathways 354 comprising branches of network 353 are disrupted,becoming electrically open. As one or more resistive pathways 354 becomeopen, the value of R_(S) changes. Accordingly, with the proper selectionof resistance values for resistive pathways 354 relative to each other,R_(R), and V_(R); a number of different values of R_(S) can be providedin correspondence with the opening of different resistive pathways 354and/or different combinations of open pathways 354.

[0087] Unlike FIG. 12, FIG. 13 depicts sensor 350 after one or morepests have begun consumption or displacement of substrate 351 and/ornetwork 353. In FIG. 13, pest T is illustrated in connection withpest-created opening 370 that was caused by pest consumption ordisplacement. The location of pest-created opening 370 relative tonetwork 353 corresponds to phantom overlay 380 shown in FIG. 12.Pest-created opening 370 partially penetrates several layers 360 ofsensor 350 from outer sensor margin 372 towards the middle of sensor 350in the vicinity of axis A1. The pest-created opening 370 corresponds toseparation or displacement of one or more portions of sensor 350relative to another portion that could result in opening one or more ofresistive pathways 354, depending on relative location. Such separationor displacement can result from the removal of one or more pieces fromsensor 350 due to pest activity. Even if a piece of sensor 350 is notremoved by pests, separation or displacement of sensor 350 can stilloccur due to pest activity that separates or displaces a first portionrelative to a second portion in one sensor region, but leaves the firstand second portions connected together in another sensor region. Forexample, in FIG. 13 sensor portion 374 is separated or displacedrelative to sensor portion 376 by the formation of opening 370; however,sensor portions 374 and 376 remain connected by sensor portion 378.

[0088] It should be further understood that by spatially arranging theresistive pathways 354 in a predetermined manner, sensor 350 can beconfigured to generally indicate a progressively greater degree ofconsumption and displacement as the value of R_(S), and accordinglyV_(i), change. For instance, the arrangement of substrate 351 shown inFIG. 13 can be used to place resistive pathways 354 closer to substrateend portion 357 near the outer sensor margin 372, such as thoseresistive pathways 354 corresponding to R8 and R9. Because theseresistive pathways 354 are closer to the outer margin 372, they are morelikely to be encountered by pests before other of the resistive pathways354. In contrast, resistive pathways 354 nearer to the middle of therolled substrate 351 (axis A1), such as those corresponding to R1, R5and R10, are most likely to be encountered last by the pests as theyconsume and displace sensor 350. Thus, as R_(S) changes with theprogressive consumption and displacement of pests from the outer sensormargin 372 towards the middle, the corresponding input voltage V_(i) canbe used to represent a number of different nonzero degrees ofconsumption or displacement of sensor 350.

[0089] Processor 326 can be used to evaluate one or more valuescorresponding to V₁ digitized with A/D converter 324 to determine if achange in pest consumption or displacement has occurred. This analysiscould include various statistical techniques to reduce the adverseimpact of noise or other anomalies. Furthermore, the analysis could beused to determine the rate of consumption or displacement as well as anychanges in that rate with respect to time. These results can be providedby processor 326 via communication circuit 328 based on certainpredefined triggering thresholds, on a periodic basis, in response to anexternal query with data unit 390, or through a different arrangement aswould occur to those skilled in the art.

[0090] It should be understood that like pest control devices 110 ofsystem 20, several devices 310 can be used in a spaced apartrelationship in a multiple device pest control system. Devices 310 canbe arranged for placement inground, on-ground, or above-ground.Furthermore, devices 310 can be used with an interrogator to assist inlocating them as described in connection with system 20. Also, it shouldbe understood that a number of different resistive network arrangementscould be utilized at the same time in device 310 to facilitate thedetection of differing degrees of pest consumption or displacement. Inanother alternative embodiment, a multilayer configuration is providedby stacking together a number of separate layers and electricallyinterconnecting the layers as required to provide a desired sensingnetwork. In yet another alternative, sensor 350 is utilized in anunrolled, single layer configuration rather than being arranged as shownin FIG. 13. Still other embodiments include a different resistivesensing network configurations as would occur to those skilled in theart.

[0091] Referring to FIGS. 14-16, a further pest control systemembodiment 400 utilizing a resistive network to determine differentdegrees of pest activity is illustrated; where like reference numeralsrefer to like features as previously described. System 400 includes datacollection unit 390 as described in connection with system 300 and pestcontrol device 410. Pest control device 410 includes circuitry 420coupled to sensor 450. Circuitry 420 includes reference resistor R_(R),voltage reference V_(R), A/D converter 324, and communication circuit328 as previously described. Circuitry 420 also includes processor 426that can be physically the same arrangement as processor 326, but isconfigured to accommodate any processing differences between sensors 350and 450 as further explained hereinafter.

[0092] Sensor 450 includes substrate 451 with surface 451 a oppositesurface 451 b. Substrate 451 defines a number of regularly spacedpassages 456 from surface 451 a to surface 451 b. Resistive network 453is comprised of a number of sensing elements 453 a in the form ofelectrically resistive members 455. Each resistive member 455 extendsthrough a different passage 456. Resistive members 455 are electricallycoupled in parallel to one another by electrically conductive layers 454a and 454 b that are in contact with substrate surfaces 451 a and 451 b,respectively. For this configuration, substrate 451 is comprised of anelectrically insulative material relative to resistive members 455 andconductive layers 454 a and 454 b.

[0093] Collectively, circuitry 420 and network 453 comprise monitoringcircuit 469. Referring specifically to FIG. 14, the parallel resistivemembers 455 of network 453 are each schematically represented by one ofresistors RP1, RP2, RP3 . . . RPN-2, RPN-1, and RPN; where “N” is thetotal number of resistive members 454. Accordingly, the equivalentresistance R_(N) of network 453 can be determined from the parallelresistance law: R_(N)=(1/RP1+1/RP2 . . . +1/RPN)⁻¹. The equivalentresistance R_(N) of network 453 forms a voltage divider with referenceresistor R_(R) relative to reference voltage V_(R). The voltage acrossreference resistor R_(R), V_(i), is input to A/D converter 324.

[0094] Substrate 451, layers 454 a and 454 b, and/or members 455 areprovided from a material that is consumed or displaced by pests ofinterest. Further, sensor 450 is arranged so that pest consumption ordisplacement results in opening the electrical connections of theresistive members 455 to network 453 through separation or displacementof one or more portions of sensor 450 relative to other portions ofsensor 450 as explained in connection with FIG. 13. FIG. 16 depictsregion 470 where material has been separated or displaced from sensor450, resulting in open electrical connections. In FIG. 16, the phantomoutline 472 indicates the form factor of sensor 450 prior to pestactivity. As more resistive members 455 are electrically opened, theequivalent resistance R_(N) of network 453 increases, causing acorresponding change in V_(i) that is monitored with circuitry 420 todetermine different relative levels of pest consumption or displacementactivity.

[0095] In one embodiment, resistive members 455 each generally have thesame resistance, such that: RP1=RP2= . . . =RPN within expectedtolerances. In other embodiments, the resistive members 455 can havesubstantially different resistances relative to one another. Processor426 is configured to analyze changes in consumption and displacement asindicated by variation in V_(i) and transmit corresponding data to datacollection unit 390 as discussed in connection with system 300.Conductive layers 454 a and 454 b can be coupled to circuitry 420 usingan elastomeric connector adapted to engage these surfaces or anotherarrangement as would occur to those skilled in the art.

[0096] Besides resistance, other electrical characteristics of a sensingelement that change with pest consumption or displacement can bemonitored to gather pest activity data. Referring to FIGS. 17-19, pestcontrol system 500 of another embodiment of the present invention isillustrated; where like reference numerals refer to like featurespreviously described. Pest control system 500 includes data collectionunit 390 and pest control device 510. Pest control device 510 iscomprised of circuitry 520 and sensor 550.

[0097] Referring specifically to FIG. 17, circuitry 520 includes voltagereference V_(R), A/D converter 324, and communication circuit 328 aspreviously described. Circuitry 520 also includes processor 526 coupledbetween A/D converter 324 and communication circuit 328. Processor 526can be of the same physical type as processor 326 of system 300, but isconfigured to accommodate aspects of system 500 that differ from system300. For example, processor 526 is operably coupled to a number ofswitches 530 a, 530 b, and 530 c by signal control pathways 531 a, 531 band 531 c, respectively. Processor 526 is arranged to selectively openand close switches 530 a-530 c by sending corresponding signals alongthe respective pathways 531 a-531 c. Switches 530 a-530 c are eachschematically illustrated as being of the single-pole, single-throwoperational configuration. Switches 530 a-530 c can be of asemiconductor type, such as an Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor(IGFET) arrangement, an electromechanical variety, a combination ofthese, or such other types as would occur to those skilled in the art.

[0098] Circuitry 520 also includes reference capacitor C_(R) that iscoupled in parallel to switch 530 c, and voltage amplifier (AMP.) 523.Voltage amplifier 523 amplifies input voltage V_(Q) and provides andamplified output voltage V_(i) to A/D converter 324 to be selectivelydigitized.

[0099] In FIG. 17, sensor 550 includes sensing element 553 a that isschematically depicted in the form of a capacitor with electrode 554.Collectively, circuitry 520 and sensor 550 define monitoring circuit569. Within monitoring circuit 569, voltage reference V_(R), switches530 a-530 c, reference capacitor C_(R), and sensor 550 provide sensingnetwork 553. In sensing network 553, voltage reference V_(R) forms abranch that is electrically coupled to ground and one terminal of switch530 a. The other terminal of switch 530 a is electrically coupled toelectrode 554 and a terminal of switch 530 b. The other terminal ofswitch 530 b is coupled to the input of voltage amplifier 523, toreference capacitor C_(R), and to a terminal of switch 530 c by a commonelectrical node. Switch 530 c is coupled in parallel to referencecapacitor C_(R), both of which also have a terminal that is grounded.

[0100] Referring also to FIGS. 18-19, sensor 550 has end portion 555opposite end portion 557, and is comprised of multiple layers 560including dielectric 551 and electrode 554. Dielectric 551 definessurface 551 a opposite surface 551 b. Electrode 554 includes surface 554a in contact with surface 551 a. As depicted, surfaces 551 a and 554 aare generally coextensive.

[0101] Sensor 550 is depicted in FIG. 17 as a capacitor in an “openelectrode” configuration; where the electrical connection to ground isby way of dielectric 551, and possibly other substances such as an airgap between dielectric 551 and the ground. In other words, sensor 550does not include a predefined pathway to ground—instead allowing for thepossibility that the ground coupling will vary. This dielectric couplingis symbolized by a dashed line representation 556 for sensor 550 in FIG.17.

[0102] Dielectric 551 and/or electrode 554 is comprised of one or morematerials consumed or displaced by a pest of interest. As pests consumeor displace these materials, one portion of dielectric 551 and/orelectrode 554 is removed or separated relative to another. FIG. 19illustrates region 570 that has been consumed or displaced by pests.Region 570 corresponds to the phantom overlay 580 shown in FIG. 18. Thistype of mechanical alteration of sensor 550 tends to change the abilityof electrode 554 to hold charge Q and correspondingly changescapacitance C_(S) of sensor 550. For example, as the area of electrodesurface 554 a decreases, the relative charge-holding capacity orcapacitance of electrode 554 decreases. In another example, as thedielectric dimensions are altered or the dielectric composition changes,capacitance typically varies. In a further example, a change in distancebetween electrode 554 and the ground as caused by separation ordisplacement of one or more portions of sensor 550 can impact theability to hold charge.

[0103] Referring generally to FIGS. 17-19, one mode of operatingcircuitry 520 is next described. For each measurement taken with thismode, a switching sequence is executed by processor 526 as follows: (1)switch 530 a is closed while holding switch 530 b open to place voltagereference V_(R) across sensor 550, causing a charge Q to build onelectrode 554; (2) after this charging period, switch 530 a is opened;(3) switch 530 b is then closed to transfer at least a portion of chargeQ to reference capacitor C_(R) as switch 530 c is held open; and (4)after this transfer, switch 530 b is reopened. The voltage V_(Q)corresponding to the charge T_(Q) transferred to reference capacitorC_(R) is amplified with amplifier 523 and presented as an input voltageV_(i) to A/D converter 324. The digitized input to A/D converter 324 isprovided to processor 526 and/or stored in memory (not shown). After thevoltage is measured, reference capacitor C_(R) can be reset by closingand opening switch 530 c with processor 526. The sequence is thencomplete. For a sensor capacitance C_(S) that is much smaller than thereference capacitance C_(R) (C_(S)<<C_(R)), capacitance C_(S) can bemodeled by the equation: C_(S)=C_(R)*(V_(Q)/V_(R)) for this arrangement.

[0104] Processor 526 can be arranged to repeat this switching sequencefrom time to time to monitor for changes in Q and correspondingly C_(S).This data can be analyzed with processor 526 and reported throughcommunication circuit 328 using the techniques described in connectionwith system 300. These repetitions can be periodic or nonperiodic; bydemand through another device such as communication circuit 328; orthrough different means as would occur to those skilled in the art.

[0105] In an alternative embodiment, a burst mode of charge/capacitancemonitoring can be used. For the burst mode, processor 526 is configuredto repeat the sequence of: (1) closing switch 530 a while switch 530 bis held open to charge electrode 554 and isolate reference capacitorC_(R), (2) opening switch 530 a, and then (3) closing switch 530 b totransfer charge to reference capacitor C_(R). Switch 530 c remains openthroughout these repetitions for this mode. As a result, referencecapacitor C_(R) is not reset as the repetitions are executed. Once adesired number of the repetitions are completed (a “burst”), A/Dconverter 324 digitizes input voltage V_(i). By executing therepetitions rapidly enough, the amount of charge Q transferred fromelectrode 554 to reference capacitor C_(R) increases. This increasedcharge transfer provides a relative increase in gain. Accordingly, gaincan be controlled by the number of repetitions executed per burst. Also,reference capacitor C_(R) operates as an integrator to provide a degreeof signal averaging.

[0106] In other alternative embodiments, network 560 can be operated tocontinuously repeat the burst mode sequence with a resistor in place ofswitch 530 c to facilitate concurrent monitoring. For this arrangementthe resistor used for switch 530 c and reference capacitor C_(R) definea single pole, low pass filter. This continuous mode has a “charge gain”(expressed in electric potential per unit capacitance) determined as afunction of the replacing resistor, the reference voltage V_(R), and thefrequency at which the repetitions are performed. In still otheralternatives, network 560 is modified to use an operational amplifier(opamp) integrator or unipolar equivalent as described in ChargeTransfer Sensing by Hal Phillip (dated 1997), which is herebyincorporated by reference. In still other embodiments, a differentcircuit arrangement to measure charge Q, voltage V₀, C_(S), or anothervalue corresponding to C_(S) can be used as would occur to those skilledin the art.

[0107] Electrode 554 can be electrically connected to circuitry 520 withan elastomeric connector or a different type of connector as would occurto those skilled in the art. In an alternative embodiment, sensor 550can be arranged to include a defined pathway to ground rather than anopen electrode configuration, or a combination of both approaches. Stillother embodiments include a stacked, wrapped, folded, bent, or rolledarrangement of alternating electrode layers and dielectric layers withone or more of the layers being of a material consumed or displaced bypests of interest. Alternatively or additionally, a sensor can includetwo or more separate electrodes or sensing capacitors arranged in anetwork in series, in parallel, or a combination of these.

[0108] In other embodiments, electrode 554 of sensor 550 can be appliedto sense one or more properties besides pest consumption ordisplacement. In one example, sensor 550 is arranged to detect wear,abrasion, or erosion. For this arrangement, sensor 550 is formed fromone or more materials disposed to wear away in response to a particularmechanical activity that correspondingly changes the charge holdingcapacity of electrode 554. For example, the area of surface 554 a ofelectrode 554 could be reduced as one or more portions are removed dueto this activity. Circuitry 520 can be used to monitor this change andreport when it exceeds a threshold value indicative of a need to replaceor service a device being monitored with the sensor, discontinue use ofsuch device, or take another action as would occur to those skilled inthe art.

[0109] In another example, sensor 550 is formed from one or morematerials selected to separate or otherwise decrease charge holdingcapacity in response to a change in an environmental condition to whichthe one or more materials are exposed, a chemical reaction with the oneor more materials, or through a different mechanism as would occur tothose skilled in the art. For these nonpest embodiments, operation ofprocessor 526 can correspondingly differ. Also, a hardwired connection,an indicator, and/or other device may be utilized as an addition oralternative to communication circuit 328.

[0110] Referring to systems 300, 400, and 500 generally, one or moreconductive elements, resistive elements, or capacitive elements ofsensors 350, 450, 550 can be comprised of a carbon-containing ink asdescribed in connection with pest control device 110. Indeed, differentresistance values for various sensing elements, such as elements 353 aand 453 a, can be defined by using inks with different volumeresistivities. Alternatively or additionally, different resistancevalues can be defined by varying dimensions of the material throughwhich electricity is conducted and/or employing different interconnectedcomponents for these elements. Furthermore, substrates 351, 451, and/or551 can be formed from a paper coated with a polymeric compound, such aspolyethylene, to reduce dimensional changes due to moisture as describedin connection with pest control device 110.

[0111]FIG. 20 illustrates a fifth type of pest control system 620 thatincludes pest control devices 310, 410, 510, and 610, where likereference numerals refer to like features previously described. System620 includes building 622 that houses data collection unit 390. System620 also includes a central data collection site 626 that is connectedby communication pathway 624 to data collection unit 390. Communicationpathway 624 can be a hardwired connection through a computer networksuch as the internet, a dedicated telephone interconnection, a wirelesslink, a combination of these, or such other variety as would occur tothose skilled in the art.

[0112] For system 620, pest control devices 310 are depicted in-groundfor use as discussed in connection with system 20. Pest control devices410 and 510 of system 620 are located within building 622, and are shownat or above ground level. Pest control devices 310, 410, 510 arearranged to communicate with data collection unit 390 through wirelessmeans, hardwired means, through another device like a handheldinterrogator 30, or a combination of these.

[0113] Pest control device 610 is comprised of circuitry 420 previouslydescribed and sensor 650. Sensor 650 includes network 453 comprised ofsensing elements 453 a. For sensor 650, network 453 is directly coupledto member 628 of building 622. Member 628 is comprised of one or morematerials subject to destruction by one or species of pests. Forexample, member 628 can be formed of wood when termites are the targetedtype of pest. As a result, pest activity relative to member 628 ofbuilding 622 is directly monitored with pest control device 610. Likepest control devices 310, 410, and 510, pest control device 610communicates with data collection unit 390 through wireless means,hardwired means, through another device like a hand-held interrogator30, or a combination of these.

[0114] Central data collection site 626 can be connected to a number ofdata collection units 390 arranged to monitor different buildings orareas each having one or more of pest control devices 110, 310, 410,510, and/or 610.

[0115]FIG. 21 illustrates pest control device system 720 of stillanother embodiment of the present invention; where like referencenumerals refer to like features previously described. System 720includes interrogator 730 and pest control device 710. Pest controldevice 710 includes pest monitoring member 732 arranged to be consumedand/or displaced by pests. In one example, member 732 is configured as abait that includes pest-edible material 734, such as wood in the case oftermites, and magnetic material 736 in the form of a coating on material734. Magnetic material 736 may be a magnetic ink or paint applied to awood core serving as material 734. In other examples, material 734 maybe formed from a substance other than a food source that is typicallyremoved or displaced by the targeted pests—such as a closed cell foam inthe case of subterranean termites. In yet other examples, material 734may be comprised of food and non-food components.

[0116] Device 710 further includes wireless communication circuit 780electrically coupled to magnetic signature sensor 790. Sensor 790comprises a series of magnetoresistors 794 fixed in a predeterminedorientation relative to member 732 to detect a change in resistanceresulting from an alteration in the magnetic field produced by magneticmaterial 736. Accordingly, material 736 and magnetoresistors 794 arealternatively designated sensing elements 753 a. Alterations in themonitored magnetic field can occur, for instance, as member 732 isconsumed, displaced, or otherwise removed from member 732 by pests.Sensor 790 provides a means to characterize a magnetic signature ofmember 732. In alternative embodiments, sensor 790 may be based on asingle magnetoresistor, or an alternative type of magnetic field sensingdevice such as a Hall effect device or reluctance-based sensing unit.

[0117] The magnetic field information from sensor 790 may be transmittedas variable data with communication circuit 780. Circuit 780 may furthertransmit a unique device identifier and/or discrete bait statusinformation as described for communication circuit 160. Circuit 780,sensor 790, or both may be passive or active in nature.

[0118] Interrogator 730 includes communication circuit 735 operable toperform wireless communication with circuit 780 of device 710. In oneembodiment, circuits 780 and 790 are of a passive type with circuit 780being in the form of an R_(F) tag like circuitry 160. For thisembodiment, communication circuit 735 is configured comparable tocircuits 32 and 34 of interrogator 30 to perform wireless communicationswith device 710. In other embodiments, device 710 may be adapted toalternatively or additionally include an active wireless communicationcircuit and/or hardwired communication interface. For thesealternatives, interrogator 730 is correspondingly adapted, a datacollection unit may be used in lieu of interrogator 730, or acombination of both approaches may be utilized.

[0119] Interrogator 730 includes controller 731, I/O port 737, andmemory 738 that are the same as controller 36, I/O port 37, and memory38 of interrogator 30, except they are configured to receive, manipulateand store magnetic signature information in addition or as analternative to discrete bait status and identification information. Itshould be appreciated that like the resistance characteristics ofdevices 310, 410, and 610 or the capacitance characteristics of device510; magnetic signature information may be evaluated to characterizepest consumption behavior. This behavior may be used to establishpredictions concerning bait replenishment needs and pest feedingpatterns.

[0120]FIG. 22 depicts system 820 of still another embodiment of thepresent invention. System 820 includes pest control device 810 and datacollector 830. Device 810 includes monitoring member 832 arranged to beconsumed and/or displaced by the pests of interest. Member 832 includesmatrix 834 with a magnetic material 836 dispersed throughout. Material836 is schematically represented as a number of particles in matrix 834.Matrix 834 may have a food composition, non-food composition, or acombination of these.

[0121] Device 810 also includes communication circuit 880 and sensorcircuit 890 electrically coupled thereto. Circuit 890 includes a seriesof magnetoresistors 894 fixed in relation to member 832 to detect changein a magnetic field produced by material 836 as it is consumed,displaced, or otherwise removed from member 832.

[0122] Circuit 890 further includes a number of environmental (ENV.)sensors 894 a, 894 b, 894 c configured to detect temperature, humidity,and barometric pressure, respectively. Material 836 and sensor 894, 894a, 894 b, and 894 c are alternatively designated sensing elements 853 a.Sensors 894, 894 a, 894 b, 894 c are coupled to substrate 838, and mayprovide a signal in either a digital or analog format compatible withassociated equipment. Correspondingly, circuit 890 is configured tocondition and format signals from sensors 894 a, 894 b, 894 c. Also,circuit 890 conditions and formats signals corresponding to the magneticsignature detected with magnetoresistors 894. The sensed informationprovided by circuit 890 is transmitted by communication circuit 880 todata collector 830. Communication circuit 880 may include discrete baitstatus information, a device identifier, or both as described inconnection with devices 110. Circuit 880 and circuit 890 may each bepassive, active, or a combination of both with data collector 830 beingcorrespondingly adapted to communicate in accordance with the selectedapproach.

[0123] For a passive embodiment of circuit 880 based on R_(F) tagtechnology, data collector 830 is configured the same as interrogator 30with the exception that its controller is arranged to manipulate andstore the different forms of sensed information provided by circuit 890.In another embodiment, data collector 830 may be in the form of astandard active transmitter/receiver to communicate with an activetransmitter/receiver form of circuit 880. In still other embodiments,data collector 830 and device 810 are coupled by a hardwired interfaceto facilitate data exchange.

[0124] Referring generally to systems 300, 400, 500, 620, 720, and 820;in other embodiments pest control devices 310, 410, 510, 610, 710, or810 can include one or more bait members 132 as described in connectionwith system 20. Furthermore, any of pest control devices 310, 410, 510,610, 710, and 810 can be configured for in-ground placement, on-groundplacement, or above-ground placement. According to another embodiment, apest control device is adapted to combine the sensing techniques of twoor more of pest control devices 310, 410, 510, 610, 710, or 810.

[0125] Alternatively or additionally, pest control devices 310, 410,510, 610, 710, or 810 can be arranged to be completely or partiallyreplaced by a pesticide delivery device. This replacement can includeremoving a wireless communication module circuit from a pest monitoringarrangement for incorporation into a pesticide delivery arrangement asdescribed in connection with system 20. In one arrangement, any of pestcontrol devices 310, 410, 510, 610, 710, or 810 can be configured tosimultaneously monitor pest activity and deliver pesticides.Alternatively or additionally, these pest control devices are configuredto deliver pesticide once a given degree of pest consumption ordisplacement is detected. For this arrangement, delivery can betriggered automatically by the respective processor in accordance withprocessor evaluation of monitoring data and/or by an external commandreceived via a communication circuit.

[0126] The flowchart of FIG. 23 depicts procedure 920 of yet anotherembodiment of the present invention. In stage 922 of process 920, datais collected from one or more devices 110, 310, 410, 510, 610, 710,and/or 810. In stage 924, gathered data is analyzed relative toenvironmental conditions and/or location. Next, pest behavior ispredicted from this analysis in stage 926. In accordance with thepredictions of stage 926, action is taken in stage 928 that may includeinstallation of one or more additional devices.

[0127] Next, loop 930 is entered with stage 932. In stage 932, datacollection from devices continues and pest behavior predictions arerefined in stage 934. Control then flows to conditional 936 that testswhether to continue procedure 920. If procedure 920 is to continue, loop930 returns to stage 932. If procedure 920 is to terminate in accordancewith the test of conditional 936, it then halts.

[0128] Examples of other actions that may be additionally oralternatively performed in association with stage 928 include theapplication of pest behavior patterns to better determine the directionpests may be spreading in a given region. Accordingly, warnings based onthis prediction may be provided. Also, advertising and marketing of pestcontrol systems can target sites that, based on procedure 920, are morelikely to benefit. Further, this information may be evaluated todetermine if the demand for pest control servicing in accordance withone or more embodiments of the present invention seasonally fluctuates.Allocation of pest control resources, such as equipment or personnel,may be adjusted accordingly. Further, the placement efficiency of pestcontrol devices may be enhanced.

[0129] In other alternative embodiments, devices 110, 310, 410, 510,610, 710, and 810, and corresponding interrogators, data collectionunits and data collectors may be used in various other systemcombinations as would occur to one skilled in the art. WhileInterrogator 30 is shown in a hand-held form, in other embodiments, aninterrogator can be in a different form, carried by a vehicle, orinstalled in a generally permanent location. Indeed, a data collectionunit can be utilized to directly interrogate/receive information from apest control device. Also, while bait for devices 110, 310, 410, 510,610, 710, and 810 may be provided in an edible form suitable fortermites, a bait variety selected to control a different type of pest,insect or non-insect, may be selected and the device housing and othercharacteristics adjusted to suit monitoring and extermination of thedifferent type of pest. Moreover, bait for devices 110, 310, 410, 510,610, 710, and 810 may be of a material selected to attract the targetedspecies of pest that is not substantially consumed by the pest. In onealternative, one or more pest control devices include non-food materialthat is displaced or altered by targeted pests. By way of nonlimitingexample, this type of material may be used to form a non-consumablesensing member substrate with or without consumable bait members. In afurther alternative, one or more pest control devices according to thepresent invention lack a housing, such as housing 170 (andcorrespondingly cap 180). Instead, for this embodiment the housingcontents may be placed directly in the ground, on a member of a buildingto be monitored, or arranged in a different configuration as would occurto those skilled in the art. Also, any of the pest control devices ofthe present invention may be alternatively arranged so that baitconsumption or displacement of a sensing member causes movement of aconductor to close an electrical pathway instead of causing an opencircuit.

[0130] Pest control devices based on wireless communication techniquesmay alternatively or additionally include hardwired communicationconnections to interrogators, data collection units, data collectors, orsuch other devices as would occur to those skilled in the art. Hardwiredcommunication may be used as an alternative to wireless communicationfor diagnostic purposes, when wireless communication is hampered bylocal conditions, or when a hardwired connection is otherwise desired.Moreover processes 220 and procedure 920 may be performed with variousstages, operations, and conditionals being resequenced, altered,rearranged, substituted, deleted, duplicated, combined, or added toother processes as would occur to those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the spirit of the present invention.

[0131] Another embodiment of the present invention includes a sensorarranged to be at least partially consumed or displaced by one or morepests and a circuit responsive to consumption or displacement of thesensor to provide a first signal representing a first nonzero degree ofthe consumption or displacement and a second signal representing asecond nonzero degree of the consumption or displacement. In one form,this consumption or displacement of the sensor is detected by thecircuit in response to an electrical and/or magnetic characteristic thatcorrespondingly changes. In another form, consumption or displacement isdetected by the circuit with other than a pest sensing or monitoringmember including a magnetic material to provide a magnetic field thatchanges in response to removal of the magnetic material from the memberby the one or more pests. This form could be based on detection ofcorresponding changes in an electrical characteristic of the sensor asit is consumed or displaced.

[0132] In a further embodiment of the present invention, a pest controldevice includes a circuit comprising a number of electrically coupledsensing elements arranged to be consumed or displaced by one or morepests. The sensing elements each correspond to a different one of anumber of electrically resistive pathways. The circuit is responsive toalteration of one or more of the sensing elements to provide informationrepresentative of a degree of pest consumption or displacement.

[0133] In yet a further embodiment of the present invention, a sensingdevice includes a member operable to be consumed or displaced by one ormore pests in a circuit including an electrode disposed relative to themember. Electrical capacitance of the electrode is altered duringconsumption or displacement of the member and the circuit is responsiveto this alteration to provide an output representative of a degree ofpest consumption or displacement of the member.

[0134] Yet another embodiment includes: operating a pest control deviceincluding a circuit with a sensor arranged to be at least partiallyconsumed or displaced by one or more pests; establishing a first nonzerodegree of consumption or displacement with the circuit in response toseparation of a first portion of the sensor; and determining a secondnonzero degree of consumption or displacement with the circuit inresponse to separation of a second portion of the sensor afterseparation of the first portion.

[0135] A further embodiment of the present invention includes a pestcontrol device that has a pest-edible bait member with a magneticmaterial component. This component provides a magnetic field. The fieldchanges in response to consumption of the pest-edible bait member. Thedevice further includes a monitoring circuit operable to generate amonitoring signal corresponding to the magnetic field as it changes.

[0136] In yet a further embodiment, a pest control device includes apest bait packaged with an environmental sensor and a circuit operableto communicate information corresponding to an environmentalcharacteristic detected with the sensor and status of the bait.

[0137] A further embodiment includes a member operable to be consumed ordisplaced by one or more pests and a circuit including an elementcarried with the member. The circuit applies an electric potential tothe element and the element is operably changed by a degree ofconsumption or displacement of the member. The element is comprised ofan electrically conductive, nonmetallic material.

[0138] In another embodiment, a pest control device includes a member tobe consumed or displaced by one or more pests and a circuit including anelement carried with the member. The circuit defines an electricalpathway through the element and the element is changed by a degree ofconsumption or displacement of the member. The element is composed of amaterial having a volume resistivity of at least 0.001 ohm-cm.

[0139] A system of another embodiment includes a number of pest controldevices. These devices each include a circuit with at least one elementcomprised of a material defining an electrical current carrying pathwaythrough the respective element. This material includes carbon.

[0140] Still another embodiment of the present invention includes:installing a pest control device including a wireless communicationcircuit electrically connected to a sensor; detecting the presence ofone or more pests with the pest control device; and reconfiguring thepest control device in response to this detection. This reconfigurationincludes introducing a pesticide bait member into the pest controldevice with the wireless communication circuit and adjusting position ofthe wireless communication circuit.

[0141] In yet another embodiment, a pest control system includes ahousing, a monitoring bait member, a sensor, a wireless communicationcircuit, and a pesticide bait member. The monitoring bait member, thesensor, and the wireless communication can be arranged in a firstassembly to be positioned in the housing to detect one or more pests.Alternatively, the pesticide bait member and the wireless communicationcircuit can be arranged in a second assembly different from the firstassembly, where the second assembly is positioned in the housing inplace of the first assembly after detection of pests with the firstassembly.

[0142] In a further embodiment, a device includes a housing, anelectrical circuit associated with the housing, and a sensing member.The sensing member engages the housing and includes an electricalconductor comprised of a carbon-containing ink. A connection member canalso be included to couple the sensing member to the circuit. Thisconnection member can be comprised of an electrically conductiveelastomeric material. Alternatively, the monitoring bait member and/orthe pesticide bait member may be part of the same assembly.

[0143] In another embodiment, a pest control device includes circuitrycoupled to one or more sensing elements with one or more elastomericconnection members. The one or more elastomeric connection members canbe comprised of a carbon-containing synthetic compound, such as siliconrubber.

[0144] All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individualpublication, patent, or patent application were specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference and set forth inits entirety herein unless otherwise expressly indicated. Further, anytheory, proposed mechanism of operation, or finding stated herein ismeant to further enhance understanding of the present invention, and isnot intended to in any way limit the present invention to such theory,proposed mechanism of operation, or finding. While the invention hasbeen illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoingdescription, the same is to be considered as illustrative and notrestrictive in character, it being understood that only the selectedembodiments have been shown and described and that all changes,equivalents, and modifications that come within the spirit of theinvention defined by following claims are desired to be protected.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pest control device, comprising: a memberoperable to be consumed or displaced by one or more pests; and a circuitincluding an element carried with the member, the circuit applying anelectric potential to the element, the element being operably changed bya degree of consumption or displacement of the member, the element beingcomprised of an electrically conductive, nonmetallic material.
 2. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein the nonmetallic material includes carbon. 3.The device of claim 2, wherein the carbon defines an electric currentcarrying pathway through the element.
 4. The device of claim 1, whereinthe circuit is operable to provide a first output representative of afirst nonzero amount of the consumption or displacement of the memberand a second output representative of a second nonzero amount of theconsumption or displacement of the member by monitoring an electricalcharacteristic of the element.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein thecircuit is operable to detect an open condition of an electrical currentpathway through the element.
 6. The device of claim 1, wherein thecircuit includes data transmission circuitry.
 7. The device of claim 1,wherein the element is made of carbon-containing ink arranged as a traceon the member.
 8. The device of claim 7, further comprising: one or morebait pieces; an enclosure containing one or more other elements of thecircuit electrically coupled to the element by a connector, theconnector being carried with the enclosure and being comprised of anelectrically conductive, carbon-containing elastomeric material; and ahousing configured to receive the bait pieces and the enclosure, thesecond housing being arranged with openings sized to receive termites asthe one or more pests.
 9. A pest control device, comprising: a memberoperable to be consumed or displaced by one or more pests; and a circuitincluding an element carried with the member, the circuit defining anelectrical pathway through the element, the element being operablychanged by a degree of consumption or displacement of the member, theelement being composed of a material having a volume resistivity of atleast 0.001 ohm-cm.
 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the element isprovided in the form of a carbon-containing ink fixed to the member. 11.The device of claim 9, wherein the circuit is operable to provide afirst output representative of a first nonzero amount of the consumptionor displacement of the member and a second output representative of asecond nonzero amount of the consumption or displacement of the memberby monitoring an electrical characteristic of the element.
 12. Thedevice of claim 9, wherein the circuit is operable to detect an opencircuit condition of the electrical pathway through the element.
 13. Thedevice of claim 9, wherein the volume resistivity is at least 0.1ohm-cm.
 14. The device of claim 9, wherein the volume resistivity is atleast 10 ohm-cm.
 15. A system comprising: a number of pest controldevices, the pest control devices each including a circuit with at leastone element comprised of a material defining an electrical currentcarrying pathway through the element, the material including carbon. 16.The system of claim 15, wherein the circuit of each of the pest controldevices includes communication circuitry.
 17. The system of claim 16,further comprising a data collection device operable to receive datafrom the data communication circuitry of each of the pest controldevices.
 18. A pest control device, comprising: a sensor including afirst portion subject to separation or displacement relative to a secondportion by one or more pests; and a circuit coupled to the sensor tomonitor a property of the sensor being changed by the separation ordisplacement of the first portion relative to the second portion, thecircuit being operable to detect a number of different nonzero levels ofpest activity.
 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the sensor includes anetwork of spaced apart, electrically resistive pathways, the networkincludes the first portion and the second portion, and the propertycorresponds to electrical resistance of the network.
 20. The device ofclaim 18, wherein the sensor includes an electrode, the electrodeincludes the first portion and the second portion, and the propertycorresponds to electrical capacitance of the electrode.
 21. The deviceof claim 18, wherein the sensor includes one or more sensing elementscarried on a substrate.
 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the one ormore sensing elements are formed from a carbon-containing conductive inkfixed to the substrate.
 23. The device of claim 18, wherein the circuitincludes one or more bait members associated with the sensor, the baitmembers configured to be consumed by the one or more pests.
 24. Thedevice of claim 18, wherein the circuit is operable to provide a numberof output signals each corresponding to one of the different levels ofpest activity.
 25. The device of claim 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24,wherein the separation or displacement is detected by the circuit withother than a pest sensing or monitoring member including a magneticmaterial to provide a magnetic field that changes in response to removalof the magnetic material from the member by the one or more pests. 26.The device of claim 18, wherein the sensor includes magnetic material togenerate a magnetic field that varies with the separation ordisplacement and the circuit includes a magnetic field monitoringsubcircuit.
 27. A pest control device, comprising: a bait memberoperable to be consumed or displaced one or more pests; and a circuitincluding one or more sensing elements associated with the bait member,a characteristic of the one or more sensing elements being altered withpest consumption or displacement of the bait member, the circuit beingoperable to monitor the characteristic to detect a number of differentnonzero degrees of the pest consumption or displacement.
 28. The deviceof claim 27, wherein the one or more sensing elements include anelectrode and the circuit is operable to detect a change correspondingto an electrical capacitance associated with the electrode.
 29. Thedevice of claim 27, wherein the one or more sensing elements number twoor more and the sensing elements each correspond to one of a number ofspaced apart electrically conductive pathways, the electricallyconductive pathways each having a predetermined electrical resistance.30. The device of claim 27, wherein the member includes a substrate, theone or more sensing elements being formed from a carbon-containingmaterial fixed to the substrate.
 31. The device of claim 27, 28, 29, or30, wherein the circuit applies an electric potential to the one or moresensing elements.
 32. The device of claim 27, wherein the one or moresensing elements include a magnetic material operable to generate amagnetic field that changes in accordance with the consumption ordisplacement.
 33. A pest control device, comprising: a circuit includinga number of electrically coupled sensing elements spaced apart from oneanother and arranged to be consumed or displaced by one or more pests,the sensing elements each corresponding to a different one of a numberof electrically resistive pathways, the circuit being responsive toalteration of one or more of the sensing elements to provide informationrepresentative of a degree of pest consumption or displacement.
 34. Thedevice of claim 33, wherein a first one of the sensing elements has afirst predetermined resistance and a second one of the sensing elementshas a second predetermined resistance different than the firstpredetermined resistance.
 35. The device of claim 34, wherein the firstone of the sensing elements and the second one of the sensing elementsare electrically connected in parallel.
 36. The device of claim 33,wherein the sensing elements are arranged to correspond to a resistorladder network.
 37. The device of claim 33, wherein the member includesa substrate and the sensing elements are carried with the substrate. 38.The device of claim 37, wherein the sensing elements are made from acarbon-containing ink fixed to the substrate.
 39. The device of claim37, wherein the substrate is arranged in a number of layers.
 40. Thedevice of claim 39, wherein at least a portion of the substrate isarranged in at least one of a rolled, folded, or bent configuration toprovide the layers.
 41. The device of claim 37, wherein one or more ofthe sensing elements extend through the substrate that are electricallycoupled by one or more conductive pathways extending along an outersurface of the substrate.
 42. The device of claim 33, wherein thecircuit includes an A/D converter, a processor, and data communicationcircuitry to communicate the information.
 43. A pest control device,comprising: a circuit including an electrode operable to be consumed ordisplaced by one or more pests, capacitance of the electrode changing inresponse to pest consumption or displacement, the circuit being operableto monitor a property corresponding to the capacitance of the electrodeto provide an output representative of a degree of the pest consumptionor displacement.
 44. The device of claim 43, wherein the electrode ismade from a conductive ink fixed to a member.
 45. The device of claim44, wherein the conductive ink includes carbon.
 46. The device of claim44, wherein the member is in the form of a dielectric substrate.
 47. Thedevice of claim 43, wherein the circuit includes a reference capacitor,an A/D converter, a processor, and a wireless communication transmitterto communicate the information.
 48. A system, comprising a plurality ofpest control devices according to any of claims 1-14 or 18-47.
 49. Thesystem of claim 48, further comprising a data collection device tocommunicate with the circuit.
 50. The system of claim 49, furthercomprising a computer operable to evaluate the information to identify apattern of pest activity.
 51. A system, comprising a first pest controldevice according to one of claims 1-14 or 18-47 and a second pestcontrol device according to another of claims 1-14 or 18-47.
 52. Amethod, comprising: operating a pest control device including a circuitwith a sensor arranged to be at least partially consumed or displaced byone or more pests; establishing a first nonzero degree of sensorconsumption or displacement with the circuit in response to separationof a first portion of the sensor; and determining a second nonzerodegree of sensor consumption or displacement with the circuit inresponse to separation of a second portion of the sensor after theseparation of the first portion.
 53. The method of claim 52, furthercomprising detecting separation of a third portion of the sensor withthe circuit after the separation of the second portion to provide athird output representative of a third nonzero degree of consumption ordisplacement of the sensor by the one or more pests.
 54. The method ofclaim 52, wherein said determining is performed by detecting a change incapacitance of the sensor.
 55. The method of claim 52, wherein saiddetermining is performed by detecting a change in electrical resistanceof the sensor.
 56. The method of claim 52, further comprisingtransmitting information corresponding to the sensor consumption ordisplacement with the circuit to a data collection unit.
 57. The methodof claim 56, further comprising determining a pattern of pest activitywith the information.
 58. The method of claim 52, further comprisingapplying a pesticide in response to said determining.
 59. The method ofclaim 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, or 58, wherein said establishing and saiddetermining are performed by other than a pest monitoring or sensingmember that includes a magnetic material to generate a magnetic fieldcorresponding to the consumption or displacement of the sensor by theone or more pests.
 60. The method of claim 52, wherein said determiningis performed by detecting a change in a magnetic field generated by thesensor.